The Concepts of Case Laws and Statutes Research Paper

The Concepts of Case Laws and Statutes - Research Paper Example The beneficial establishment's law comprises of case law by the Court of Justice, the general conventions of the European Union law and worldwide law. The beneficial bases of the European law are unrecorded bases comprising of the Court of Justice of the European Union case law, general standards and universal laws. The advantageous establishments are typically of legal determination and are applied by the Court of Justice of the EU in situations where the optional and additionally essential enactment may or can't resolve the issue genially. From during the 1970s, basic rights which are recognized as the general standards of the European Union law have been joined into the key enactment in the EU. The EU and its part nations are constrained to comply with the global law, just as its standard law and arrangements, and this reality without anyone else has especially caused it to control the development of the all inclusive standards of the EU. By and by, the Court of Justice of the EU may dismiss some specific standards of the universal law that it views as opposite with the arrangement of the EU, for example, the rule of correspondence in the accomplishment of state necessities. The Court of Justice of the EU is established through Article 19 of the Maastricht Treaty and contains particular courts, General Court and Court of Justice. The obligation of the court is to guarantee that in the application and translation of the Treaties the law is carefully watched.

Cohesion policy good and bad practices

Presentation: Lithuania (alongside different Baltics) is the example of overcoming adversity of EIJ basic reserve assimilation. Bulgaria (alongside Romania) is the most noticeably terrible entertainer. Lithuania has contracted tasks for 87% (‚â ¬6_4 billion) of accessible assets as of November 2012 and paid out 54% (‚â ¬4 billion) to recipients. Bulgaria ingested just ‚â ¬2 billion of an accessible ‚â ¬9. 5 billion somewhere in the range of 2007 and 2011. Key elements influencing retention limit of auxiliary assets: I _ Use of pre-accesslon reserves 2 Political will 3. riches/polltlcal authenticity of locales . HR 5. Information on accessible subsidizes 6. debasement and straightforwardness 7. r Is It Just an issue of TIME (and size)? Bulgaria: Joined EU in 2007 having spent almost no ot its pre-increase help. Different debasement and straightforwardness embarrassments: tunds are retained and extends are postponed. Change ot government in July 2009 with cr eation ot new authoritative units to deal with auxiliary assets. The nature of HR is low in territorial/civil organizations: 4% communicate in English, similar individuals utilized for arranging with respect to valuation, 201 1 sees upgrades: 27 city data focuses set up, number of indictments over misappropriation of assets expanding (however the retention rate marginally lower than 2010).Lithuania: ELI part since May 2004. Populace 3. 2 million contrasted with Bulgaria's 7. 5 million. Adaptable economy: experienced fast development before the 2009 emergency (with assistance of pre-accesslon fundsL and bounced back generally rapidly after enormous compression. In 2004-06 need was concurred to going through EIJ cash as indicated by all standards and strategies. Beginning of 007-2013 programming period assimilation rate was like EUIO normal (approx. 45%)

Comparison of Little Red Riding Hood from Different Countries Essay

Now and then, there comes a story so mainstream that it endures numerous decades and is normal in numerous societies. Growing up here in America, I was constantly recounted to the tale of Little Red Riding Hood. In view of the manner in which American structure is set up, the story in this culture shows the individuals scolded the story just as has a glad closure. The American story of â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† isn’t the main form of this story. As recently referenced, there are stories that endure numerous decades and last through numerous societies; this is one of them. Notwithstanding, they all have various names. There are additionally: Little Red Cap, Little Red Hood, The Grandmother, The True History of Little Golden Hood, Grandmother’s Nose, and Little Red Hat. These accounts originate from a wide range of territories, for example, Germany, Poland, Italy, Austria, and France, and they have various creators. There are two things that do remain the equivalent all through each retelling of this story, the characters and thought. There is consistently a young lady, her grandma, her mom, and the wolf. Also, in each retelling, it includes the young lady setting off to her grandmother’s house to convey something to her. Be that as it may, the activities taken by the characters and their characters change in each recounting the story. Albeit each rendition of Little Red Riding Hood has a comparable thought, the portrayal and lesson of the story modifies dependent on what timeframe and area it was written in due to the impacts of the nation of origin’s generalizations, standards, and occasions.

Live Performance Audio Production Analysis Coursework - 1

Live Performance Audio Production Analysis - Coursework Example Underway of music businesses they are alluded to as studios. The Konshen’s sound execution is delivered by million records studio. In this way, it implies that one sound presentation from a solitary craftsman might be created by various sound organizations (Zager, 2012). Moreover, the sound Technologies likewise remember for the sound parts. These advancements incorporate remote mouthpiece, in ear screen framework, speaker types, and consoles among others. Remote amplifier is a kind of mouthpiece that needs physical link to associate it legitimately to sound account. This framework comprise of In ear screens that establish some portion of the sound instrument that is utilized by music makers to tune in to music to hear outfit made combine of vocals with instrumentation forever execution (Zager, 2012). Screen professionals are the authorities who manage guideline of sound in a specific life execution. Outstandingly, a solitary life execution and music creation generally utilizes the utilization of various characters with different and various fields or callings. Besides, the equivalent normally utilizes diverse music

Application for Adult Nursing

Question : While applying for grown-up nursing, what would it be advisable for them to remember for my UCAS reference? Answer : Individual Statement An engaged and clear objective arranged proficient who is totally committed to securing the clinical prerequisites, comfort, prosperity and can offer passionate help to persistent under his/her anxiety. I hold brilliant correspondence capacity and aptitudes that can help in building a decent relationship and holding with patients and with their companions or families. I likewise groups heavenly observational characteristics and have information in various complex and master grounds, for example, Cardiac Nursing, Midwifery and Pediatric Nursing. I am equipped for taking care of patients and can offer extraordinary help to staffs. I need to get related with your association so I can build up my insight into nursing practices and assume a significant job in improving the soundness of the individuals. Following are the mastery territories which makes me qualified for the position. Aptitude in nursing incorporates keeping up proficient and clinical advancement mindfulness in nursing grown-up care, Observing security rules and severe and great cleanliness, Right regulatory and detailing methodology should be executed, Making patients prepared for any medical procedure by overseeing sedatives, medications or infusions, Supervising and managing the understudy attendants and helping laborers in giving consideration, Maintaining careful hardware and sanitizing it and Observing any adjustments in the soundness of patient The individual aptitudes incorporates capacity of hold privacy of information identifying with the staffs, persistent or some other business related help, giving significant data and enthusiastic help to patients and family members, capacity to give dinners to grown-ups and inclining their waste, physical and intellectually quality. According to instructive capability I have finished under alumni course (2005) with first division marks represent considerable authority in quite a while specifically science, material science, science and arithmetic. Further I have finished alumni level degree in Biology from the clinical organization (2006-2008). At long last I have finished a Degree of Higher National testament in Applied Biology from Medical College (2009-2010). I accept that I have centered observational aptitudes and I am relevantly reasonable for the course of grown-up nursing since I have learned about assorted and complex fields like Pediatric nursing, Cardiac nursing and maternity care. I have functioned as a lesser attendant in the neighborhood wellbeing authority since 2011 to introduce where my significant obligations comprised of managing and assessing the conveyance of nursing care, taking of patients beat and helping the head nurture, assuming liability of the ward without the ranking staff and guaranteeing that viable consideration plans are being actualized I believe that I am equipped for the difficult activity of grown-up nursing care since I have the accompanying characteristics in particular capacity to propel others in time of trouble uncommonly the group of the patients, great verbal and non verbal correspondence strategies to comprehend the necessities of the patients, to take care of moment crisis issue circumstances carefully, Ability to work in composed groups, Ability to convey reliable work all through profession, Capable of being sympathetic to the circumstances of the patients According to the diversions and interests I have enthusiasm for the issues like network administration getting occupied with painstaking work items making and furthermore tuning in to music and cooking on visit premise.

What Rioters Are Reading On August 13, 2015

What Rioters Are Reading On August 13, 2015 In this feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? I’ve included the link that will take you to their author archives (meaning, that magical place that organizes what they’ve written for the site). Gird your loins â€" this list combined with all of those archived posts will make your TBR list EXPLODE. We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Jamie Canaves   Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights by Salman Rushdie: Thought it was probably time to remedy never having read Rushdie. The book starts with a mythological jinn creature so I think I picked well. (egalley) Fake ID by Lamar Giles: I needed a mystery/thriller. My brain craves it like chocolate! I like that the family is in witness protection but has to keep movingseems someone in the family keeps getting into trouble…Oh, and a murder of course. Just what I needed. (Audiobook) Modern Romance by Aziz Ansari, Eric Klinenberg: I am always interested in human behavior and the combination of a comedian writing a book with a sociologist about romance is incredibly intriguing. (Audiobook) Jessica Woodbury Giovanni’s Room by James Baldwin: Really time to fix the fact that I’ve never read Baldwin, and this one was on Scribd. (Audiobook) Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates: Listening to it now, it deserves every ounce of hype. After this will have to procure a hard copy for underlining. (Audio galley) Up to This Pointe by Jennifer Longo (Random House Books for Young Readers, January 19): Luckily I have our own Kelly to tell me whenever there’s a new ballet-related book coming out. Oh, and half of this is set in Antarctica. Hell, yes. (E-galley) Rachel Manwill Natchez Burning by Greg Iles: Sometimes you just really need to listen to a 35-hour-long southern legal novel. (Audiobook) Villa America by Liza Klaussmann: My happy place for summer reading is historical fiction about literary figures in the south of France. This absolutely fits the bill. (Print galley). Alice Burton The Apparitional Lesbian by Terry Castle: Why are you NOT reading an academic essay collection on lesbianism that takes on the patriarchy and more particularly Henry James? Maybe you should ask yourself that thing. Three Wishes by Liane Moriarty: Because I just read Big Little Lies and now I am going to read ALL THE LIANE MORIARTY ALL OF IT. Rachel Smalter Hall Why Read Moby-Dick? by Nathaniel Philbrick: In preparation for the Moby-Dick tattoo I’m finally getting this weekend! (Audio) H is for Hawk by Helen Macdonald: It was finally my turn on the library holds list. This is turning out to be my season of memoirs â€" six in a row now, womp womp. (Hardcover, library) Kate Scott   The Crucible:  A Play in Four Acts by Arthur Miller: Rereading this for the first time since high school! Where Is God When It Hurts? by Philip Yancey: Yancey is quickly emerging as one of my favorite Christian thinkers. This exploration of the problem of pain is different from any I have seen before. Jessica Tripler   Venetia by Georgette Heyer: Heyer is sometimes (unfairly) called a poor man’s Jane Austen, and I can sort of see why: she wrote emotionally astute and highly readable courtship novels set among the well-to-do in early nineteenth century England. I Iove Heyer for her incredible wit, intricate dialogue, and careful exploration the distinction between social mores and moral character. Venetia is probably my favorite Heyer heroine so far, and that’s saying something. (Audio) Dept. of Speculation by Jenny Offill: I love short novels, and I fell in love with this one on the first page: “Memories are microscopic. Tiny particles that swarm together and apart. Little people, Edison called them.” Beautiful, heartbreaking, funny, describing this book makes me sound like some hack professional blurbist, but I mean every word. (Paper) Tasha Brandstatter   A Wish Upon Jasmine by Laura Florand: Received an ARC for review consideration. (eARC) Derek Attig The Table of Less Valued Knights by Marie Phillips: Phillips’s Gods Behaving Badly is one of my favorite books ever, so when I saw she wrote another book playing with myth and legend, I jumped at it. (paperback) Girl Waits with Gun by Amy Stewart (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, September 1): Historical mystery anchored by an interesting, gutsy female protagonist? Sign me up. (e-galley) Tram 83 by Fiston Mwanza Mujila (Deep Vellum Publishing, September 15): I’m trying to read more work in translation, and this one seems very promising. (e-galley) The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap by Matt Taibbi: Because, well, look at this world we’re living in. (ebook) Karina Glaser   Yes, Chef by Marcus Samuelsson: A memoir by legendary Top Chef winner and Harlem restaurateur. Verdict so far: amazing. (Hardcover) Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography by Laura Ingalls Wilder: A hefty and beautiful book that I cannot wait to dive into. (Library Hardcover) E.H. Kern   Dear Life by Alice Munro: I threw a dinner party where a friend’s Plus One offered me as a thank you the Canadian edition of a book by Alice Munro that Munro had personally handed to her. No need for a gift, I said, and thought to myself that yeah right on the Munro story. A little while later, the Canadian edition of Dear Life was delivered to me. So now I’m reading it and can’t stop thinking that this book was once handed over by Alice Munro herself. (Paperback) Peter Damien   Art in the Blood by Bonnie MacBird: Amazing cover and it’s Sherlock Holmes so I couldn’t resist. It didn’t gel with me. The blood ambled, then deflated. Sherlock was petulant, and I felt its ending came from Anthony Horowitz’s House of Silk. (e-galley) Slade House by David Mitchell: NEW DAVID MITCHELL! NEW DAVID MITCHELL!!! *ahem* I mean this is really good so far. I’m early days in, but it already feels like a mix between The Secret Garden and Salem’s Lot filtered through pure David Mitchell. Trying my hardest not to devour it in one gulp. (Literally. I’m very over-excited about it.) (e-galley) Kristel Autencio   The Warmth of Other Suns:  The Epic Story of Americas Great Migration  by Isabel Wilkerson: This book chronicles the great migration of African-Americans from the American South after the failures of Reconstruction and the oppression of Jim Crow. Because they are marginalized, the participants of this mass exodus were scarcely documented, but they have shaped a large part of contemporary US culture and race relations. Theres a lot of warmth and humanity encoded in each page, complemented by a sharp intellectual mind. This staggering piece of historical scholarship is both necessary and a pleasure to read. (Trade Paperback) Five Red Herrings by Dorothy L. Sayers: Im two books away from completing the Lord Peter Wimsey canon. This is about a murdered painter and the six fellow artists who couldve potentially done away with him. Gentleman detective Peter Wimsey must choose the correct onekind of like the Dating Game, except with homicidal bohemians. (Scribd) Dwellers by Eliza Victoria: I really enjoyed Victoria’s short story collection last year, and this short novel is my first read for the #BuwanNgMgaAkdangPinoy (Month of Filipino Literature) campaign. (e-book) Jeanette Solomon The Magician King by Lev Grossman: It’s about time, and don’t even tell me if something bad and/or cheap happens to my girl Julia. (library ebook) Black Dove, White Raven by Elizabeth Wein: I loved Code Name Verity and liked Rose Under Fire, so anything Wein is automatic library hold for me. (library) Andi Miller One More Thing: Stories and Other Stories by B.J. Novak: As I found out recently, this is the perfect beach bookshort stories and vignettes with plenty of off-kilter humor and snark. (Paperback) Deep South: Four Seasons on Back Roads by Paul Theroux: I haven’t decided what I think about this one yet because it’s one more white male northerner observing the deep south and its legacy of slavery. I give side-eye. (E-galley) S. Zainab Williams Hunter by Mercedes Lackey: I read and loved the Vows and Honor series by Mercedes Lackey in high school so I was thrilled to find out about this forthcoming fantasy for young adults. (E-galley) Sister Mine by Nalo Hopkinson: Im halfway in and loving this quirky, deeply human story exploring the relationship between two sisters from a family of demigods. I am all about the narrators wryness so far. (Audiobook) Aram Mrjoian Mr. Penumbra’s 24-Hour Bookstore by Robin Sloan: Reading this for book club. (paperback) The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoevsky: This book has been on my literary bucket list for awhile, and I finally figured I’d give it a go. Whether I’ll finish or not is yet to be determined. Hoping to knock it out over the next month. (paperback) A.J. O’Connell The Fifth Season by N.K. Jemisin: I’m a big fan of Jemisin’s Inheritance books, so I was really happy to start reading her newest fantasy. I’m only 60 pages in, but so far, I’m really into the world she’s built. (Print galley) Chris Arnone Self-Inflicted Wounds:  Heartwarming Tales of Epic Humiliation  by Aisha Tyler: After listening to Amy Poehler’s Yes, Please on audiobook, I’ve discovered I really like funny memoirs on audio. I can more successfully pay attention while doing other things like driving and mowing. (audiobook) The House You Pass on the Way by Jacqueline Woodson: Woodson’s Brown Girl Dreaming is still the best thing I’ve read this year. It shot her right near the top of my favorite authors list. So naturally, it’s time for more Woodson. (ebook, library) Long Walk to Valhalla by Adam Smith and Matt Fox: I’d heard good things about this book, and then ran into Smith and Fox and KC Comic Con. I was surprised to discover they are now local to me. I love supporting local artists AND I was able to buy their book and get it signed. Double win. (hardcover) Amanda Nelson   The Serpent King by Jeff Zentner: Angsty teens in the South, one of whom is the son of a snake-handling preacher/felon? Here for it. Plus, Eric read it last month and named it the best book he read in July. (ARC) Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee by Charles J. Shields: I’m reading basically every biography of Harper Lee that’s in print right now in preparation for moderating a Harper Lee panel at the Mississippi Book Festival. (Hardcover) The Oregon Trail: A New American Journey by Rinker Buck: A crotchety newspaper journalist hitches up a team of mules to a covered wagon and makes the first trek along the 2,000 mile Oregon Trail in 100 years. Part history buff’s dream (the chapter on the history of mules in America was legitimately fascinating), part Eat, Pray, Love for cynics and grouches (I say this as a positive). (audio) Jacob the Mutant by Mario Bellatin (transl. Jacob Steinberg): for Best Translated Book Award consideration. (paperback) Jessica Pryde A Rogue by Any Other Name by Sarah MacLean: A desperate search through Scribd for something fun to listen to ended with a delighted sigh and the First Rule of Scoundrels. I love a good childhood sweethearts/scoundrel with a heart of gold/marriage of convenience but not really story, especially if Sarah MacLean is putting the words together. (Audiobook) The Scorpion Rules by Erin Bow: I am trying to actually read galleys before the book comes out. This one, combination post-apocalyptic/dystopic/artificial intelligence science fiction (from what I can sell so far) introduces an interesting concept about political hostages. (egalley) March: Book One by John Lewis: It has been sitting on my bookshelf far too long. Now seemed as good a time as any to start. (paperback) Maddie Rodriguez The Wrath and the Dawn by Renée Ahdieh: A YA romance inspired by a classic tale (in this case, A Thousand and One Nights) with an awesome female protagonist and a gorgeous cover? Ringing all my bells. I’ve been on “summer fun with substance” reading kick for the last two months and this seems perfect. I can’t wait to crack it open! Kim Ukura   Circling the Sun by Paula McLain: Normally I like to read biographies of famous people, but Beryl Markham’s biography is pretty hard to find. This new fictional account of her life â€" based, I think, pretty heavily on historical research â€" will hopefully be the next best thing. Emma Witches of America by Alex Mar: Not very far into this so all I know is it’s a nonfiction book about, well, exactly what it sounds like: witches in america. Alex Mar was working on a documentary about faith and paganism/wicca (American Mystic), butâ€"despite being an atheistâ€"she was intrigued by their staunch faith, and it seems like she wrote this book to explore that faith more deeply. So far it’s really well-written and interesting, definitely scratching that witchy itch. Valerie Michael A Brief History of Seven Killings by Marlon James: I’ve been meaning to read this one forever and once it showed up on the Man Booker Prize Longlist, I finally picked it up. It is absolutely huge, lifting it to read should help me save on my gym membership! (Hardcover) Pawpaw: In Search of America’s Forgotten Fruit by Andrew Moore: This is a book by a local author about the pawpaw, the largest native fruit in America that somehow most of the country has forgotten about. It is blowing my mind and now I want to skip out on work and go find pawpaws. (Hardcover) The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time by Jonathan Weiner: Because, if you know me at all, you know that it is always about the birds. (Paperback) Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World that Can’t Stop Talking by Susan Cain: This is my dog walking book right now, the perfect thing to listen to while doing a quiet, solitary activity. (Audiobook) As for Me Calf by Andrea Kleine: A fictionalized account of the psychiatric hospital romance between attempted Reagan assassin John Hinckley, Jr. and socialite murderess  Leslie DeVeau. Im unsettled and I only just started it. (galley) Sweetgirl by Travis Mulhauser: All it took was a comparison to True Grit to have me begging for a copy. (galley) Is Fat Bob Dead Yet? by Stephen Dobyns: I love Stephen Dobyns and Im really excited for his new crime novel. If you want to read something wonderful and creepy, read his book The Church of Dead Girls. (e-galley) Eileen by  Ottessa Moshfegh: I cant tell you what its about, because Ive been avoiding descriptions. I just know that lots of people whose opinions I hold in high regard have told me to read it. (galley)

Walther Winning The Boards Approval To Get The Company Back On Track - 2200 Words

Walther Insurance Company: Winning the Board's Approval to get the Company Back on Track Case (Case Study Sample) Content: Walther Insurance Company: Winning the Board's Approval to get the Company Back on Track Case Abstract This case highlights the challenges of restructuring an organization and dealing with a board of directors. James Gardner, the newly appointed CEO of Walther Insurance, is faced with the challenge of trying to turn around a company in decline. To accomplish this, he had to make the tough decision to ask the board of directors to downsize and restructure the company. His proposal to downsize the company was deadlocked at the first board meeting. He then had to decide whether at the next board meeting to push his plan through or to compromise the plan to ensure that he got the votes that he needs from the board of directors to implement his plan. Learning Outcomes By the end of this case study, student should be able to: * To explain the importance of the managerial role of planning and coordinating. * To describe the role of a manager in promoting trust and mutual respect among firm stakeholders. * To define some of the key challenges that managers face in the decision-making process. * To describe and explain the role of the board of directors. Case Background On January 10, 2017, James Gardner, the General Manger of Walther Insurance Company entered his office with a slight headache, perhaps due to the explosive board meeting held the previous day where the board failed to reach a consensus over the future direction of the company. He had been the company's CEO for three months and was already in a position where he had to convince the board of directors to make drastic changes. James Wapet James is a 40-year-old manager who has had significant success at two reputable insurance companies before moving to Walther Insurance. After graduating college, he got his first job as a management assistant at Grange Insurance Company. His five years at Grange were quite prosperous; he was promoted three times and worked his way up to regional manager. He left Grange Insurance Company as the regional manager overseeing all operations in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. During his tenure at Grange, he managed to help his region’s revenue and profits by over 80 percent. He was then recruited by Feingold Insurance to be vice president of operations. He worked as the vice president of Feingold Insurance Company for seven years before being promoted to be the company’s chief operating officer (COO). He served as Feingold’s COO for three years; as Feingold's COO, James saw the company’s revenue rise twofold and increased the company’s profitability by 90 percent. He had to make several radical management and operational changes to achieve that success. For instance, at one point, he was forced to restructure the company and lay off more than 200 employees. He also introduced compulsory training sessions for the company’s employees. Generally, James’s proactive approach of leadership and risk-taking ability helped the company change its public image and eventually helped it rise to be among the best insurance companies in the country. Because of his successful tenure as COO of Feindgold, he was recruited to become the CEO of Walther Insurance Company. He took over the helm of Kimble in Novem ber of 2016. Although relatively young to take over as CEO of a $400 million company, James moved into Walther with a great deal of experience under his belt. The situation at Walther Insurance Company James joined Walther Insurance Company in November of 2016. The company needed a CEO who would lead the company back to its glory days; at one point the company had generated over $800 million in revenue with strong profit margins and was perennially ranked as one of the best mid-size insurance companies in the country. However, the company had been on a steady decline for over five years and revenues were only $400 million in 2016 and the company had an operating loss of $20 million that year. In 2017, Walther Insurance Company employed over 700. It had branches in the 28 cities within the country and offered general home and auto insurance policies. The company served close to a million customers in 2017, which is drastically down from the 2 million they served in 2011. James Gardner's predecessor, William Brungart, led the company down a declining path from 2010-2016. In 2010 and 2011, Brungart had had a brief period of success. However, things steadily declined after that. Under his control, Walther revenue dropped by 50 percent and its customer base also reduced tremendously. Despite Brungart's efforts to salvage the situation, which in most instances took vast sums of capital, the company failed to get back on track. One of the most significant causes of the demise was rapid, uncontrolled growth; the company opened more than ten branches in different parts of the country within a few months. This led to an increase in the number of employees. As this happened, the company's expenses spiralled out of control. In addition, Brungart entered the company into a horrendous acquisition. He purchased an online insurance company for $150 million. The company he acquired was losing money, had a corporate culture that did not mesh well with Walther, and had products that were significantly different than the products offered by Walther. This recipe for disaster cooked up quickly and two years after the acquisition Walther was forced to sell the company they acquired for a $100 million loss. Walther's board fired Brungart and then went looking for a CEO who could repair the damage. That person was James Gardner. The situation was clearly laid out for Garndern, and he felt confident that he could get Walther back on track. Gardner's Plan After taking over at Walther, the first thing Gardner was analyze the situation. From his analysis, Gardner came to the conclusion that streamlining operations was going to be the key to get getting Walther back on track. His top priority was getting employee efficiency back in line with the industry benchmarks; Walther's top competitors produced twice as much revenues per employee. Thus, his plan focused on downsizing and increasing efficiency. The second main tenet of Gardner's plan was to shut down most of the branches and then rely on brokers to sell Walther’s products. His plan then called for most of the general and administration spending to focus on promotion and advertising. In his plan, he called for the introduction of sales and marketing teams to ramp up sales with brokers. His plan also introduced an online marketing unit, which was sorely needed as the company's online presence lagged behind the competition's online presence. Gardner spent dozens of hours putting together a succinct and well-laid out plan for the board of directors. He knew that his plan was contingent of getting the simple majority of the board to vote for his plan. Without this, he could not implement his plan and the company would be forced to stay on its current path. The Board Meeting Gardner laid out his proposal before the company’s board on January 9, 2017 and outlined his proposed strategies to get the company back on track. He made a cogent argument that failing to take drastic action would lead to continued annual operating losses in excess of $20 million. Gardner was anticipating some debate on his plan, but he was shocked by the vastly different views of the board members. According to three of the board members, downsizing and restructuring would harm the company's reputation. Those three board members also thought that the already established branches should not to be disposed of because t...

Womens Liberation Movement †Definition and Overview

The womens liberation movement was a collective struggle for equality that was most active during the late 1960s and 1970s. It sought to free women from oppression and male supremacy. Meaning of the Name The movement consisted of womens liberation groups, advocacy, protests, consciousness-raising, feminist theory, and a variety of diverse individual and group actions on behalf of women and freedom. The term was created as a parallel to other liberation and freedom movements of the time. The root of the idea was a rebellion against colonial powers or a repressive national government to win independence for a national group and to end oppression. Parts of the racial justice movement of the time had begun calling themselves the  black liberation. The term liberation resonates not just with independence from oppression and male supremacy for individual women, but with solidarity among women seeking independence and ending oppression for women collectively. It was often held in contrast to individualistic feminism. The individuals and groups were loosely tied together by common ideas, although there were also significant differences between groups and conflicts within the movement. The term womens liberation movement is often used synonymously with womens movement or second-wave feminism, although there were actually many types of feminist groups. Even within the womens liberation movement, womens groups held differing beliefs about organizing tactics and whether working within the patriarchal establishment could effectively bring about the desired change. Not Womens Lib The term womens lib was used largely by those opposing the movement as a way of minimizing, belittling, and making a joke of it. Womens Liberation vs. Radical Feminism   The womens liberation movement is also sometimes seen as being synonymous with radical feminism  because both were concerned with freeing members of society from oppressive social structure. Both have sometimes been characterized as a threat to men, particularly when the movements use rhetoric about struggle and revolution. However, feminist theorists overall are actually concerned with how society can eliminate unfair sex roles. There is more to womens liberation than the anti-feminist fantasy that feminists are women who want to eliminate men. The desire for freedom from the oppressive social structure in many womens liberation groups led to internal struggles with structure and leadership. The idea of full equality and partnership being expressed in a lack of structure is credited by many with the weakening power and influence of the movement. It  led to later self-examination and further experimentation with leadership and participation models of organization. In Context The connection with a black liberation movement is significant because many of those involved in creating the womens liberation movement had been active in the civil rights movement and the growing black power and black liberation movements. They had experienced disempowerment and oppression there  as women. The rap group as a strategy for consciousness within the black liberation movement evolved into consciousness-raising groups within the womens liberation movement. The  Combahee River Collective  formed around the intersection of the two movements in the 1970s.   Many feminists and historians trace the roots of the womens liberation movement to the New Left and the civil rights movement of the 1950s and early 1960s. Women who worked in those movements often found that they were not treated equally, even within liberal or radical groups that claimed to fight for freedom and equality. Feminists of the 1960s had something in common with feminists of the 19th century in this respect: Early womens rights activists such as Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were inspired to organize for womens rights after being excluded from mens anti-slavery societies and abolitionist meetings. Writing About the Movement Women have written fiction, nonfiction, and poetry about ideas of the 1960s and 1970s womens liberation movement. A few of these feminist writers were  Frances M. Beal, Simone de Beauvoir, Shulamith Firestone, Carol Hanisch, Audre Lorde, Kate Millett, Robin Morgan, Marge Piercy, Adrienne Rich, and Gloria Steinem. In her classic essay on womens liberation, Jo Freeman observed the tension between the Liberation Ethic and the Equality Ethic, To seek only equality, given the current male bias of the social values, is to assume that women want to be like men or that men are worth emulating. ...  It is just as dangerous to fall into the trap of seeking liberation without due concern for equality. On the challenge of radicalism versus reformism creating tension within the womens movement, Freeman goes on to say, This is a situation the politicos frequently found themselves in during the early days of the movement. They found repugnant the possibility of pursuing reformist issues which might be achieved without altering the basic nature of the system, and thus, they felt, only strengthen the system. However, their search for sufficiently radical action and/or issue came to naught and they found themselves unable to do anything out of fear that it might be counterrevolutionary. Inactive revolutionaries are a good deal more innocuous than active reformists.

Vaccines and the Prophylactic use of Antipyretics Essay

Background Many parents express concern and worry over their child developing fever after receiving vaccines. Because of this, parents often choose to medicate their child with antipyretics in order to prevent this unpleasant side effect. According to Pedulla (2012), it was previously common practice by pediatric health care provides to recommend using an antipyretic prior to the administration of immunizations in order to reduce fever and discomfort experienced by the patient until a study done by Prymula and colleagues in 2009 showed evidence that these types of medications caused a decline in primary antibody response. Current practice in most pediatric clinics is not standardized when it comes to the administration of antipyretics and†¦show more content†¦Nurses will often be the individuals that, â€Å"address these concerns and offer advice of what to expect and how to prevent or respond to side effects,† (Batenburg et al., 2011, p. 5). It is vital that the nurse be aware and educated regarding the most current and most up-to-date research findings in regards to immunization practices. Wallstein et al. (2012) believes that â€Å"aggressive educational campaigns† regarding the correct use of antipyretics should be targeted towards physicians and nurses. The information and data gained from this study will help determine appropriate practice and guide nurses to provide accurate evidence-based information to parents. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of vaccines when antipyretics are administered prophylactically prior to immunizations. The results of this study will help determine appropriate evidence-based immunization practices. Research Question/Hypothesis For the purpose of this study, the following research question was addressed: 1. What effect does prophylactic administration of antipyretics (i.e. acetaminophen and ibuprofen) have on the efficacy of vaccines? As part of this study, investigation included on research hypothesis: 1. When antipyretics are administered prophylactically, the efficacy of vaccines is reduced due to interference withShow MoreRelatedPediatric Nursing Study Guide -- Covering Communicable Diseases/ Blood Disorders/Childhood Cancers/Integumentary5211 Words   |  21 Pageslymphadenopathy, inflamed pharynx, cough, coryza * Therapeutic Management: * Antipyretics to control fever. * Complications * Recurrent febrile seizures (possibly from latent infection of CNS that is reactivated by fever) * Encephalitis (rare) * Nursing Care Management * Teach parents measures for lowering fever (antipyretic drugs); ensure adequate parental understanding of antipyretics to prevent accidental overdose * IF child is prone to seizures, discuss appropriateRead MoreMaagang Pagbubuntis Ng Mga Kabataan9395 Words   |  38 Pageso  Ã‚  Ã‚  rubella titer is obtained on the 1st  meeting ï‚ §Ã¯â€š  Ã¯â€š  titer gt; 1:8 suggest immunity ï‚ §Ã¯â€š  Ã¯â€š  titer lt; 1:8 suggests susceptibility ï‚ §Ã¯â€š  Ã¯â€š  titer that is greatly increased over the previous reading suggests recent infection o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vaccine can’t be given during pregnancy because It is a live vaccine o  Ã‚  Ã‚  If vaccine is given woman is advised not to get pregnant for 3 months o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Current concern is reinfection o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newborn born by women w/ rubella are capable of transmitting the virus, therefore isolate    3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

Robert Olen Butler is an author born in Granite City,...

Robert Olen Butler is an author born in Granite City, Illinois who won a Pulitzer Prize. In writing this short story, â€Å"Jealous Husband Returns in Form of Parrot†, Robert Olen Butler writes about a character whose life revolves around his wife and is a compulsively jealous husband. In this story, the main character was a very jealous husband who dies because of the way he decided to deal with his wife’s cheating ways by climbing a tree and falling to his death, only to come back in life as a parrot and still have very strong feeling for his wife. The jealousy and suspicion that took over his human life has now taken over to his life as a parrot. The tone of the story is frustration and jealousy at which you can tell the tone from the very†¦show more content†¦The husband seemed very helpless without her in his life â€Å"When we held each other, I had no past at all, no present but her body, no future but to lie there and not let her go.† (Butler, 19 95, pg189). He was aware that his wife engaging in an affair with another man, but he accepted it because he was more fearful of losing her, even though he wanted to know he would never confront her with the truth. He knew he was a fool for her because he had to remind himself how he is not stupid and how he has to lock himself into the bathroom in order to hide his rage. His life was similar living as a human and a bird. As a human he locked himself inside the bathroom and as a bird he was locked inside a cage and in both situations he was unable to express how he feels because there was something always holding him back. The last thing he wanted was for his wife to hate him by bringing up other men she is having affairs with. The husband’s Behavior is what eventually leads to his death in both lives, he falls from a tree in his human life and dies and when he was a bird he had that same jealousy so when he seen his wife bring in multiple men he could not stand to see it an ymore so he tries to fly away from the house his wife and him once shared but end up falling and dying towards the end. As a result of the husband’s

Nursing Shortage And Nursing Turnover - 1719 Words

Nursing Shortage and Nursing Turnover Introduction Nursing shortage and turnover is an issue that has constantly and continually bedeviled the nursing leaders and managers. Without sufficient numbers in nursing, patient care and safety is considerably compromised, with lapses in service delivery, overworked and overwhelmed nurses more prone to making mistakes and across board dissatisfaction. Nursing shortage lads to nurse turnover because of the ones carrying our nursing duties are finding it hard to meet the demand and they eventually burn out. This paper critically examines the issues of nursing shortage and turnover and how the nurse leaders and managers can tackle the situation, easing the outcomes (The Truth About†¦show more content†¦One of the ways that nurse leaders and managers are handling this is by offering sign in and retention bonuses for nurses as well as relocation coverage. This may very well motivate people to pursue nursing. Older nurses also come with their own unique challenges, needing re alignment of patient care for them to operate at their best. There are a lot of physical requirements in nursing, requirements that older nurses may not meet, thus requiring the need for technologies in nursing. A clear and workable solution to tackling the issue of an aging nursing population is nurturing the desire to enter into nursing at high school level. There are professions that groom potential employees right from high school, this can be quite beneficial since with the right motivation, the students will go on to study nursing, increasing the nursing population eventually. This can be done through outreach programs where registered nurses travel to high schools and detail all the good nursing does, to the patients and to the nurse (Huber, 2010). These high school kids who show an interest can be taken in hospital rounds to see firsthand what nurses have to offer. Nursing turnover is a great contributor to the shortage of nurses being experienced. It is believed that about 18% of new nurses leave their jobs within the first year with a national average registered nurseShow MoreRelatedNursing Shortage and Nursing Turnover1354 Words   |  6 PagesNursing Shortage and Nursing Turn Over Nursing shortage and turnover is an enormous issue affecting nurses in the delivery of patients’ care. Nursing shortages have been shown to cause unfavorable effects which include decreased job satisfaction, decreased access to care, and can lead to increased turn over. This paper is about nursing shortages and nursing turn overs, and how the author would expect nursing leaders and managers to approach this issue. The writer’s rational would be supported byRead MoreNursing Shortage and Nurse Turnover1031 Words   |  4 PagesNursing shortage and Nurse Turnover The ongoing instability evidenced from the high mobility of qualified nurses in the nursing workforce has raised many questions about the issue of nursing shortage and nurse turnover (Gates Jones, 2007). The paper below discusses the issues of nursing shortage and nurse turnover. The paper also describes how leaders as well as managers in the nursing fraternity and other leaders can resolve those problems effectively and the different applicable principlesRead MoreNursing Shortage : High Level Of Nurse Turnover1433 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction For many decades, the nursing field has been experiencing numerous problems and amongst them is high nursing turnover and nursing shortage. Without a doubt, this problem is not unique to just a few countries, but has been affecting the entire world, bearing in mind that new diseases are cropping up day in day out and hence the need to have more nurses attending to the ever increasing number of patients. As Feldman (2010) clearly explains, the issue of nursing shortage is largely attributed byRead MoreApproaches of Nursing Leaders and Managers to Issues in Practice: Nurse Shortage and Nurse Turnover1288 Words   |  5 PagesApproaches of Nursing Leaders and Managers to Issues in Practice: Nurse Shortage and Nurse Turnover Background In the healthcare field, nursing leaders and managers face consistent issues in their respective practices that force them to alter the way they work and the way they think. In taking on a role as a leader within the field, nursing leaders and managers also take on the role of ensuring that work within an organization runs smoothly regardless of new issues that may arise in the healthcareRead MoreNurse Turnover And Nurse Retention1315 Words   |  6 PagesNurse Turnover and Nurse Retention Stephanie Williams NURS- 411.01 Issues and Leadership in Nursing Delaware State University The nursing shortage in healthcare has been a highlighted issue for many years. With the ever-growing health care system, hospitals and healthcare facilities often find themselves searching for ways to acquire new nurses and retain their very own. Throughout the years, the number one solution to this problem remains the same: decreasing nurse turnover, and increasingRead MoreThe Issue of Nursing Shortage in the United States1102 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Nursing Shortages Introduction The shortage of nurses in the United States has been discussed often and has been fully reported in the media over the past several decades. There have been reports of shortages so critical that they actually have become †¦a national security concern (Nelson, 2002). Moreover, the reasons for the shortages and potential solutions for this crisis are extremely well covered in the scholarly literature. In this paper, an article in the peer-reviewed Health MarketingRead MoreLeadership And Management Approaches For Nursing1228 Words   |  5 PagesTurnover is defined as the movement of employees from being hired to leaving the current position voluntarily and not staying with the organization (Reference.com, 2013). According to Booyens 64% of turnover can be avoidable compared to 36% of turnover considered to be unavoidable due to marriage, pregnancy, and other life events. (Booyens, S. (2007). Turnover. Cape Town: Juta Co, Ltd.). Nursing shortages and turnover continuous to presen t critical challenges in the all levels of healthcare. SeveralRead MoreNursing Shortage : A Difference Between Supply And Demand Of Registered Nurses1608 Words   |  7 Pages Nursing shortage refers as a difference between supply and demand of registered nurses (RN) and turnover refers to the loss of an employee due to transfer, termination, or resignation (Huber, 2014). Worldwide, Hospitals are experiencing nursing shortage despite of intervention and innovation attempt. Nursing shortages can lead to longer working hours under stressful situation that can result in fatigue, burnout, medical errors, mistake, and job dissatisfaction which can endanger patients’ safetyRead MoreEffective Approaches in Leadership and Management Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and Management in Nursing Shortage and Nurse turn-over Nursing Shortage and Nurse Turn Over: Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management. Nursing shortage and nurse’s turnover becomes the worsening problem in the health care industry in United States. Studies show that, by 2020, it may get more worsened approximately 30%, if no measures are taken to resolve the problem. In this essay the author is discussing the issues about the nurse turnover and nursing shortage. And also narrates aboutRead MoreSample Resume : Nurse Retention Strategies883 Words   |  4 Pagesending nurse shortage looms constantly as a reminder in the healthcare setting that with the increase of human population, superior medical technology, major changes to the nation’s medical healthcare, that this nursing shortage is predicted to worsen. The past four years have seen a steady rise in hospital turnover rates. More than 40% of the currently working registered nurses (RNs) will begin to approach retirement age in the next 10 years. (Pellico, 2009) This in addition to the turnover rate will

Expressionism Free Essays

I drove to SST Louis with a couple of friends on a warm day ND when we got to the ml_Assure, all I could say was ‘WOW’. â€Å"Is this a white house replica kind of a building’ asked one of my friends. It was so beautiful, never seen or have never been in a building so huge like that. We will write a custom essay sample on Expressionism or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was quite an honor and would have something to share with people back in Africa. I might not have been a big fan of art but since that day all has changed. We went in and were given a museum map to locate specific areas we wanted to visit. Modern art section was our main priority. We took the elevator to the upper level of the museum where modern art painting was displayed. We walked around sections 327, 335, 334 and 333. The painting that mostly caught my attention was that of Marc Chloral, a French man born in 1887 and died in 1985. The Temptation painting was painted by Marc the cubist in 1912. He painted Adam and Eve flanking the tree of knowledge. He painted Eve as a green figure holding the forbidden fruit that she was about to offer Adam, who poses in blissful ignorance of the consequences to come. The cubism concept of split face allows Eve to look at both the apple and its destination. Marc paints this picture in relations to what we have always been reading bout in the bible. He also painted animals around staring at them, he did this to really show and tell how the fruit changed the world today. Another painting just on the other wall on my left as I turned to my left, there hanged an amazing piece of art called the blue Mandolin, 1 930 by George Baroque. He was a French man born in 1882 but died in 1963. He used oil painting with sand on canvas. This painting looked so real unlike the ones I saw in class on slideshows. He used a paint comb that created imitation wood grain to which he added a heavy application of sand in order to set off the eel effects of texture against artificial ones. The use of sand here really gives this painting a very strong texture. I even felt like I could touch it but could not do so. He conveys his love for music here by painting the blue mandolin very closer to the eye. As moved around exploring the beauty Of art, then came across the Picasso painting of his wife. Pablo was a Spanish cubist born in 1881 and he died in 1973. His painting of a seated woman dated July 1 953 portraits his lover Francoise Gilt. He shows of his skills and extreme exploration of pubis by using facets of creamy grays, whites, pinks, and browns form mosaic of color and tone across the body of Francoise. In this painting the young woman’s face contains a strong right profile as well as a left eye that gazes forward. He also uses a dark background to show the viewers exactly what his painting is all about. The painting looks more like 3 dimensional because of the use of mosaic concept. It’s really one of the greatest pieces of art by Pablo Picasso. As was walking around I then saw this other two paintings that looked like I child was playing With a paint brush, but as I paid more attention to them hen I realized how some people were talented. These were paintings by Emil Molded, a German born in 1867 but died in 1956. How to cite Expressionism, Papers

The Problems Defining Genre Literatures Lite Essay Example For Students

The Problems Defining Genre Literatures Lite Essay rary CriticismThe Problems Defining Genre Genre denotes a systematic way to categorize literature. The term might be considered academic jargon; however, it produces up a set of expectations that allow us to judge literature. These expectations or criteria also allow us to compare with other literature in the same as well as different genres. In spite of these expectations, genre does not dictate a set of rigid rules; in fact, genre is more descriptive than prescriptive. Problems in defining genre often arise because there are frequently sub-genres: romantic comedy might be considered a sub-genre of comedy, revenge tragedy of tragedy and gothic horror of horror. It becomes increasingly difficult to see where one sub-genre ends and another begins. Also these categories are seldom pure. For example, Hamlet, a revenge tragedy, includes aspects of romance and even a comic scene or two. Our popular culture makes defining genre challenging because what is vital one day might disappear the next. An example of this is the current insistence upon a happy ending. Since tragedy is often characterized by an unhappy or right ending, according to Aristotle, popular culture no longer welcomes the tragedy with the relish it did at other times in history. Our Town being the exception that comes to mind, as well as the one-man shows. Poetry makes frequent use of this voice. In Daddy by Sylvia Plath, the author address Daddy throughout the poem. Shannon Chamberlains use of Aesops fable The Parrot and his Cage was another example of this single voice narrative. A second voice option is the drama or dialogue that involves talking between two characters with no narration. All of the plays we are reading in class fit this category as well as Stacy Burlesons example of Merlin as a legend in film. Finally, the combination of the narrator plus dialogue is just as it seems, a narrator talks to the audience (or reader) but the characters talk to each other. The TV shows The Fugitive, Dragnet, and Twilight Zone come to mind as examples of this. Narrative genre, by contrast, focuses on the storyline or plot. Tragedy frequently introduces a problem, there is struggle for control, finally a realistic and often unhappy ending that resolves the problem. Examples of this include: Romeo and Juliet (Sylvia Duncans presentation), the recent Academy Award winner American Beauty and Moby Dick (Doris Herrmanns presentation). Comedy is another plot or storyline that usually deals with a less significant problem, there is an attempt to solve it, but the ending often brings people together. Examples of comedy are: Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Ernest, A Marriage Proposal by Anton Chekhov, and the movie Sixteen Candles shown in class by Laura Peterson. Romance may center or conclude on a transcendence where the problem often includes separation, a journey or adventure might be included. The plot of romance would be the struggle to achieve this transcendence or goal. Characters are more predictable and are frequently good or bad with very little complexity. The excerpt of Sleepy Hollow shown by Cara Skinner is an example of this. true Pygmalion and Shakespeare in Love might fit her; however, these characters do show considerably more depth than the norm. This is a good reminder of how good any genre can be. Satire pokes fun at a social situation or institution and assumes the audience is familiar with what is being satirized. There is usually a less serious tone than with the original. Examples are seen in the play within a play in MidSummer Nights Dream. good Political cartoons and Molieres The Misanthrope also display elements of a satire. .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b , .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b .postImageUrl , .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b , .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b:hover , .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b:visited , .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b:active { border:0!important; } .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b:active , .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background : url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5717947de32bb36e86b0a5f113acec4b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Self Esteem Essay

Working Girl Essay Example

Working Girl Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Working Girl specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Working Girl specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Working Girl specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Working Girl The motion picture, Working Girl, is a romantic comedy movie produced in 1988. The picture, whose director was the talented Mike Nichols, recounts the stirring account of a stockbroker’s secretary with big dreams and aspirations. The secretary works in the Mergers and Acquisition subdivision in an investment bank. She is called upon to fill the shoes of her immediate boss, who injures her leg during skiing, and begins developing and creating novel business opportunities. The movie was nominated for the role of Best Picture during the 61st session of the Academy Awards that took place in March 29, 1989. Tess McGill is an astute, formally employed individual having just graduated from university with a Business Degree. From Staten Island, Tess dreams of becoming an executive in a company. However, she finds herself in trouble when she insults her colleague and finds that she is given a different assignment. She thereby becomes the assistant to a different financial executive who is known as Katherine Parker. Coming off as a supportive person, Parker persuades Tess to contribute her ideas actively. However, Katherine Parker fractures her leg while on a skiing trip in Europe and requests Tess to fill in for her while she is recuperating. Later, she accidentally finds out that Katherine plans to steal one of her ideas. Consequently, she finds her boyfriend sleeping with another woman. Afterwards, she decides to organize a conference with another executive, Jack Trainer, whom she unknowingly sleeps with after taking alcohol and valium while suffering a panic attack. To her advantage, Tra iner is positive with her idea and helps Tess have a meeting with another executive, Trask. Additionally, she discovers that Trainer was in a relationship with Katherine. A scuffle erupts between Katherine and Tess after arriving on the day of meeting. She lays the blame on Tess, arguing that Tess has stolen her idea. However, Trask confronts Katherine after being convinced by Jack and Tess that it was Tess’ idea. Katherine stumbles and is fired by Trask who offers Tess an executive job in the company. There are various themes that the movie exalts especially pertaining to issues affecting women. In the past, women never had any right to work; instead, they were discarded as homemakers and mothers without any involvement in financial matters and decision making in the family. Consequently, men were the ones responsible for discriminating women. According to John Stuart Mill, men hindered women from taking part in jobs believing that they were protecting them from hurting themselves. He further asserted that, in real sense, men were afraid of what women could accomplish if allowed to pursue other opportunities (Mill, 54). The discrimination of women further accentuated the rise of women civil rights movement. The movements characterized feminism, which championed the rights of women. Despite the movements taking place in different time eras, they similarly advocated for economic equity, equal political power, sexuality freedoms, reproductive privileges, family issues, equity in educ ations and employment equality as brought out in the film (Flexner and Fitzpatrick, 201). The film is an interesting piece to watch especially the calculative and manipulative nature of Katherine Parker and the resilience. However, it should be noted that the movie does not only connect with women’s intricacies in the job sector, but also on upward mobility. This is indicated by the appraisal of Tess McGill’s status from an ordinary secretary to a corporate executive. Furthermore, the movie portrays the competitive nature in companies and businesses in order to move up the social ladder. This is indicated by the manipulation of Tess McGill by her former figurehead, Katherine Parker, by stealing her ideas and causing her failure, which will eventually lead to a disastrous outcome. There have also been instances of sexual connotations, which have mostly ensued between McGill and another figurehead, Jack Trainer that still portrayed the use of manipulative techniques to ensure upward mobility. Works Cited Flexner, Eleanor, and Ellen F. Fitzpatrick. Century of Struggle: The Woman’s Rights Movement in the United States. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 2000. Print. Mill, John S. The Subjection of Women. Lexinton, Kentucky: CreateSpace, 2012. Print.

Class Lecture essays

Class Lecture essays What were the differences between the environments faced by the Romans when the characteristics social and political institutions of their state were forming and those of the Greek world when the polis was taking form? How did the Romans react differently to the conditions they faced? What social institutions formed in Rome as a result, and how did these help Rome to create a large and stable empire? Romans created a civilization that has shaped subsequent world history for 2,000 years. The remains of vast building projects, including roads and bridges, enormous baths and aqueducts, temples and theaters, as well as entire towns in the North African desert, still mark Rome's former dominion. Cities throughout Western Europe stand on Roman foundations. Rome grew from a tiny settlement to an emerging empire while developing from monarchy to a republican form of government. The land and environment of Italy provided the Romans with a secure home from which to expand. Roman republic started with their conflict against the Latins, who tried to break away from Rome and fought a war. At that time Romans feared the Samnites, another group of people and they stopped fighting with the Latins and offered them to join in. In doing so Romans came up with the idea of latin citizenship, and then gradually as the Romans expanded their territory to the whole of Italy after some internal conflicts everyone in Italy was granted Roman citizenship, slowly as the Romans defeated other lands in the Mediterranean basin, they never tried to impose their rule on captured lands but made them states, which were allowed to rule under the Roman umbrella by paying taxes and provide services to the Roman Army accepting the Roman superiority. And as time passed by at one point in history everyone under the Roman Empire got Roman citizenship. The Roman aristocrats provided the leadership for the establishment of the Roman Republic, and they continued to dominate ...

The Controversial Role of Lobbyists

The Controversial Role of Lobbyists The role of lobbyists is controversial in American politics. Lobbyists are hired and paid by special-interest groups, companies, nonprofits, groups of citizens, and even school districts to exert influence over elected officials at all levels of government. They work at the federal level by meeting with members of Congress to introduce legislation and encourage them to vote in ways that benefit their clients. Lobbyists work at the local and state levels as well. Debate Over Their Influence What makes lobbyists so unpopular with the public? Their work comes down to money. Most Americans dont have the funds to spend on trying to influence their members of Congress, so they view special interests and their lobbyists as having an unfair advantage in creating policy that benefits them rather than the common good.   Lobbyists, however, say they simply want to make sure your elected officials hear and understand both sides of an issue before making a decision, as one lobbying firm puts it. There are about 9,500 lobbyists registered at the federal level, which means about 18 lobbyists for  every member of the House of Representatives  and  U.S. Senate.  Together they spend more than $3 billion trying to influence members of Congress every year, according to the Center for Responsive Politics in Washington, D.C. Who Can Be a Lobbyist? At the federal level, the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 defines who is and who isn’t a lobbyist. States have their own regulations on lobbyists regarding who is allowed to seek to influence the legislative process in their legislatures. At the federal level, a lobbyist is defined by the law as someone who earns at least $3,000 over three months from lobbying activities, has more than one contact they are seeking to influence, and spends more than 20 percent of their time lobbying for a single client over a three-month period. A lobbyist meets all three of those criteria. Critics say the federal regulations arent strict enough and point out that many well-known former lawmakers perform the functions of lobbyists but dont actually follow the regulations. How Can You Spot a Lobbyist? At the federal level, lobbyists and lobbying firms are required to register with the Secretary of the U.S. Senate and the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives within 45 days of making official contact with the president of the United States, vice president, a member of Congress, or certain federal officials. The list of registered lobbyists is a matter of public record. Lobbyists are required to disclose their activities of trying to persuade officials or influence policy decisions at the federal level. They are required to disclose the issues and legislation they attempted to influence, among other details of their activities. Biggest Lobbying Groups Trade associations and special interests often hire their own lobbyists. Some of the most influential lobbying groups in American politics are those that represent the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the National Association of Realtors, the AARP, and the National Rifle Association. Loopholes in Lobbying Law The Lobbying Disclosure Act has been criticized for containing what some feel is a loophole that allows some lobbyists to avoid having to register with the federal government. For example, a lobbyist who does not work on behalf of a single client for more than 20 percent of their time does not need to register or file disclosures. They would not be considered a lobbyist under the law. The American Bar Association has proposed eliminating the so-called 20 percent rule. Portrayal in the Media Lobbyists have long been painted in a negative light because of their influence over policymakers. In 1869, a newspaper described a Capitol lobbyist this way: â€Å"Winding in and out through the long, devious basement passage, crawling through the corridors, trailing its slimy length from gallery to committee room, at last it lies stretched at full length on the floor of Congress- this dazzling reptile, this huge, scaly serpent of the lobby. The late U.S. Sen. Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia described what he saw as the problem with lobbyists and the practice itself: Special interest groups often wield an influence that is greatly out of proportion to their representation in the general population. This type of lobbying, in other words, is not exactly an equal opportunity activity. One-person, one-vote does not apply when the great body of citizens is under-represented in the halls of Congress compared to the well-financed, highly organized special interest groups, notwithstanding the often plausible objectives of such groups. Lobbying Controversies During the 2012 presidential race, Republican hopeful and former House Speaker Newt Gingrich was accused of lobbying but not registering his activities with the government. Gingrich said he did not fall under the legal definition of a lobbyist, even though he did seek to use his considerable influence to sway policymakers.Former lobbyist Jack Abramoff pleaded guilty in 2006 to charges of mail fraud, tax evasion, and conspiracy in a broad scandal that implicated nearly two dozen people, including former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay. President Barack Obama came under fire for taking what appeared to be contradictory approaches to lobbyists. When Obama took office after winning the 2008 election, he imposed an informal ban on hiring recent lobbyists in his administration. Obama said later: A lot of folks see the amounts of money that are being spent and the special interests that dominate and the lobbyists that always have access, and they say to themselves, maybe I don’t count. Still, lobbyists were frequent visitors to the Obama White House. And many former lobbyists were given jobs in the Obama administration, including Attorney General Eric Holder and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack. Do Lobbyists Do Any Good? Former President John F. Kennedy described the work of lobbyists in a positive light, saying they are expert technicians capable of examining complex and difficult subjects in clear, understandable fashion. Added Kennedy: â€Å"Because our congressional representation is based upon geographical boundaries, the lobbyists who speak for the various economic, commercial and other functional interests of the country serve a useful purpose and have assumed an important role in the legislative process. Kennedys ringing endorsement is just one voice in the ongoing debate about the perhaps undue influence wrought by monied interests. Its a contentious debate, contentious as democracy itself, since lobbyists play such a central role in the forging of policy and expression of varied groups interests.

See word Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See word - Essay Example Because Oprah attached her name to that project and was a highly visible face for it, some people may link the abuse to Oprah and subsequently to Harpo as a company. While the scandal passed without much damage to Oprah and her brand, it shows what could happen if a company is more famous for its powerful leader than its brand image. 2. How might Winfrey go about ensuring that Harpo survives after her departure or in the event of a loss of faith on the part of the public? Is it possible to have a true leadership succession plan in these circumstances? Winfrey can help to ensure the future success of Harpo by making both short-term and long-term plans as to the future direction of the company. This can include the issue of leadership. Potential leaders should be identified and receive training to be able to enhance their skills. Ideally, these future leaders can receive some smaller tasks to get used to how the organization functions, and over time they can be given more responsibility. At the same time, Winfrey should be decreasing her role in the organization slowly so that she can guide the future leaders before she leaves the company. If Winfrey leaves the succession plan too long, then she may be forced to leave suddenly, which would require someone else to step up to the plate. That person would likely be overwhelmed at first and the company would suffer as a result. It is possible to have a true leadership succession plan, and it is wise for powerful leaders to create one. Harpo needs to include Winfrey in this process so t hat she can impart her wisdom and knowledge to the next leader, whoever that may be. In terms of influencing the employees around her, Oprah needs to be careful not to dismiss the concerns of others. Just because she holds most of the power within the company, it does not mean that she should not be receptive to new ideas. Employees may be in awe of Oprah due to her accomplishments and

Inequality undermines democracy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inequality undermines democracy - Assignment Example ality provokes a generalized anger that finds target where it can-immigrants, foreign countries, American elites, government in all forms-and it rewards demagogues while discrediting reformers†. I find this to be the key sentence because it encapsulated the ultimate danger that inequality can bring which is anger that begets hatred. The anger that begets hatred wrought by inequality as enunciated in those sentences to target where it can is not only in peculiar in the US but also in other countries and culture. In fact, these effects of anger wrought inequality are universal. What will change is the target but it will always find a target to vent that anger and hatred. Notice in countries, societies and cultures where there is so much anger, hatred, animosity, murder and other forms of onslaught – they have one common denominator which is inequality. Inequality which breeds poverty as Parker explained in his other sentence â€Å"creates a lopsided economy†. This inequality that breeds anger and hatred undermines democracy which explains why Parker ended his article with the sentence â€Å"Inequality undermines democracy†. He used the operating word â€Å"undermining† to illustrate that inequality is incompatible with democracy. Democracy, which provides an equal opportunity for all cannot thrive in an environment where equal opportunity cannot be had due to inequality. It cannot also thrive in any country or society where there is so much anger due to inequality because such anger would also target democracy

The effect of location decision on a business success

The effect of location decision on a business success 2.1 Introduction Todays competitive market demands companies to deliver their products and services as effectively and efficiently as possible. The distribution strategy is the key to the success. One of the key components of a distribution network is warehouse location. Location decision is considered as a long-term business strategic decision. The correct location decision can resulted in significant improvement in business processes and performance, and bring competitive advantages (i.e. cost saving, service quality, etc.) over its competitors. On the other hand, if a poor location decision was made, it could equally cost the company time, money and opportunity. The location decisions environment is dynamic and normally described as a multi-criteria decision. Furthermore, the globalisation and the rapid evolution of information technology have changed the characteristics of location problems. There are two major trends in facility location selection accordingly to Yang and Lee (1997). First, there has been an increased interest to gain potential competitive edge in the global marketplace. Second, small to medium-sizes communities has become more attractive to many businesses as new facility location. These two trends are influenced by the more advanced communication technology, better transportation infrastructure system, liberalised trade between countries, and so on. This allows company to select their facilities where they think has the most advantages (i.e. in land cost, labour cost, skilled labour availability, etc.). This chapter will start by identifying why a company needs to improve its logistics system, then defining the linkage between the organisations strategy and the logistics strategy, followed by the general roles of warehouse in distribution strategy. Then it will present the influencing location factors companies normally consider when they make location decisions. And finally in the latter section of this chapter, it will present literature reviews of decision aid techniques and model used in location decisions. 2.2 Logistics system and the changing business environment Why do we need to change our logistics operations and strategy? The main reason why we need to change is because the environment we live in is constantly and rapidly changing. In order to survive in this unforgiving environment businesses are forced need to change. There are many factors given by Rushton, et al. (2006) including increasing customer demand, reducing product life cycle, changing technologies, increasing pressures from competitors, and so on. The pressures for change given by Rushton, et al. (2006) are illustrated by the figure 1. Figure 1 Pressure influencing logistics systems 2.3 Logistics strategy Logistics strategy should aim to establish the most appropriate blend of storage and transport at a given customer service level. Efficient logistics and distribution strategies should reduce the total logistics costs and must take into account the interactions of various the various replenishment activities in the distribution chain (Rushton, et al., 2006; Teo Shu, 2004). Chopra and Meindl (2004) suggest there are four drivers to a successful distribution system: (1) Facilities location, capacity, operations methodology, and warehousing methodology; (2) Inventory cycle inventory, safety inventory, seasonal inventory, and sourcing; (3) Transportation mode of transportation, route and network design, and in-house or outsource decision; and (4) Information push or pull, coordination and information sharing, forecasting and aggregate planning, and enabling technologies. Bowersox and Closs (1996) suggest similar points but they also add another driver which is network design. They also claim that classical economics often neglected the importance of facility location and overall network design. Similarly but in more details, Alling and Tyndall (1994) identify ten principles that make logistics operations successful. They are: (1) to link logistics to corporate strategy; (2) to organise logistics comprehensively; (3) to use the power of information tech nology; (4) to emphasize human resources recognising the importance of quality human resources; (5) to form strategic alliances; (6) to focus on financial performance; (7) to target optimum service levels; (8) to manage the details pay attention to details as it can be significant savings; (9) to leveraging logistics volume through consolidating shipment volumes, inventories and the like; and (10) to measure and react to performance. Furthermore, when considering a distribution strategy, warehousing strategy is an important part and typically the decision makers or logistics planners has to answer these questions (1) should warehousing facilities be owned, leased or rented, (2) what is the optimal size and number of warehouses, (3) what are the optimal locations for warehouses, (4) what product line should be stocked at each warehouse location, and what market areas should be serviced from each warehouse location. (Stock Lambert, 2001; Bowersox Closs, 1996; Simchi-Levi, et al., 2003; Bowersox Closs, 1996; Geoffrion Powers, 1995; Bender, 1994; Stock Lambert, 2001; Greasley, 2009) Matching logistics strategy to business strategy The important key to achieving the strategic fit is the ability of the company to find a balance between responsiveness and efficiency that best matches the business strategy. Whatever strategies chose to implement by the company, there will be impacts. And the impact of the selected logistics and distribution strategy has to be assessed against the business strategy. Often these may involve undertaking some qualitative analysis where it is impossible to derive good quantitative measures. The main areas of where this will impact, they are (Rushton, et al., 2006): a) Capital costs this is the costs of new facilities, new equipments, and so on. In certain situations capital constraints can exclude otherwise attractive options; b) Operating costs the minimum operating cost is often the main criterion for selection between options. In some cases increased operating costs can be accepted in the light of future flexibility; c) Customer service Although options should have been developed against customer service targets, the selected short list must be examined for the customer service level achieved. The balance of the mix might have changed in an effort to reduce costs. Stock held close to the customer might need to be increased to improve service reliability. 2.5 Obstacles to achieving strategic Fit As many as there are many factors and influences to achieving the strategic fit in the supply chain, there are also many obstacles to achieving the same goal as Chopra and Meindl (2004) and few other writers mention. Few examples of the obstacles to strategic fit are: a) the variety of products the increasing variety of products tends to raise uncertainty and uncertainty tends to raise costs and reduce responsiveness within the system; b) the product lifecycles the decreasing product lifecycles also tends to raise uncertainty and reduce the window of opportunity to achieving strategic fit; c) the increasingly demanding customer customers demand for faster fulfilment, better quality, and better value for money for the product they buy, companies must be able to provide these just to maintain their businesses; d) the fragmentation of supply chain ownership less vertically integrated structure can result in difficult coordination to achieving strategic fit; e) the effect of globaliz ation difficulties raised by the invasion of foreign players. It is noticed that these factors are the same factors which drives the need to improve logistics system as determined in section 2.2. 2.6 The logistics and distribution planning framework Many authors agree on the first and the most important step, when planning the logistics and distribution, which is to identify the objective and strategies of the organization. Then it follows by the second step which is to gain a detailed understanding of the present position of the system. The rests of the procedures are identifying the options, analysing the options, comparing and evaluating the results, and developing a planning and implementation. A diagram illustrating the approach to distribution planning by Rushton, et al. (2006) is shown in the figure 3 below. Figure 2: An approach to logistics and distribution planning (Rushton, et al., 2006) 2.7 Optimal number of warehouses The optimal number of warehouses can be found by using a costing model, a model which takes into account of variable costs, particularly the transport and operating costs. Few facilities give low cost for inward transport, but high cost for outward transport, as they are, on average, further away from customers. On the other hand, more number of facilities can give higher cost for inward transport, but the cost for outward transport is lower, as they are, on average, closer to customers. Another cost that varies with the number of facility is the operating costs. Higher number of facilities means the company has to bear more expensive cost to operating these facilities. Operating costs also vary with facility size. Generally, larger facilities give the economies of scale; however, this is not always the case. Higher cost from operating larger facilities may come from the cost of supervision, communication, inefficiency and so on (Attwood Attwood, 1992; Bowersox Closs, 1996; Waters, 2003; Chopra Meindl, 2004; Rushton, et al., 2006). Figure 4 graphically illustrates the relationships between number of facilities and costs incurred. Figure 3 Relationship between costs and numbers of facilities. The need to hold inventories Prior to planning and designing logistics and distribution system, it is very important to be aware of the reason why a company need to hold stock. The most common objective of a supply chain is to efficiently balancing demand and supply. As most people understand that it is impossible to precisely synchronise or balance the requirements of demand with the fluctuations of supply. Therefore stocks are there to provide buffer between supply and demand. Rushton, et al. (2006) reviews the important reasons to stock, as follows: a) to keep down production costs keeping production to run as long as possible, as the costs of setting up machine is often expensive; b) to accommodate variation in demand to avoid stock-outs by holding some level of safety stock; c) to take account of variable supply (lead) times to cover any delays of supplies from producers and suppliers; d) to reduce buying costs often there are administrative cost of placing an order, holding additional inventory can red uce these costs; e) to take advantage of quantity discounts often goods are offered at a cheaper cost per unit if they are ordered in large quantity; f) to account for seasonal fluctuations certain products are popular in a certain time of the year, retailer normally pile-up inventory during low demand season to cater the demand in high season; g) to allow for price fluctuations/speculation the price of certain products, steel for instance, fluctuate due to variety of reasons. Some companies buy in large quantity to cater this; h) to help the production and distribution operations run more smoothly stock is held to decouple two different activities; i) to provide customers with immediate service stocks enables companies to provide goods and service as soon as they are required to maximise the sales opportunity. This is essential in highly competitive markets; j) to minimise production delays caused by lack of spare parts Breakdowns of machineries required to produce goods or s ervices can be very costly to business. Having spare parts to fix the machineries as soon as it breakdowns is an advantage; k) to facilitate the production process by providing semi-finished stocks between different processes (Work-in-Progress). 2.9 Roles of warehouse Why businesses need warehouse? There are many reasons why business needs warehouses. Warehouse has many roles apart from providing storage and supplying the materials or finished goods to producers or retailers as reviewed in the previous section. In fact warehouse has many other roles and functionalities which can be classified on the basis of economics and service accordingly to Bowersox and Closs (1996). On the basis of economics, a warehouse is economically justified when the total logistical costs are reduced by providing the facility. On the basis of service, a warehouse is justified when the overall logistical system can provide a better service, in terms of time and place capability. Here are some common roles of a warehouse (Bowersox Closs, 1996; Higginson Bookbinder, 2005; Rushton, et al., 2006): Role as a make-bulk/break-bulk consolidation centre making bulk and breaking bulk are traditional functions of a warehouse/DC. In a break-bulk facility, large incoming loads are aggregated, often for product mixing and to create consolidated out- bound shipments. A make-bulk facility, or consolidation centre, com- bines small quantities of several products in fewer, larger assortments. Role as a cross-docking station Cross-docking is a process where the product is received, occasionally combined with different products going out to the same destination, and then shipped at their earliest opportunity without being stored. Cross-docking has many benefits, including: faster product flow, no inventory pile-up, reduced product handling, and reduce cost due to elimination of those activities. Role as a transhipment facility transhipment refers to a process of taking a shipment out of one vehicle and loading it onto another. It only occurs when there is a good reason to change transportation modes or vehicle types. Role as an assembly facility Hewlett Packards distribution centre is a good example of the role as an assemble facility. It also benefits from the idea of postponement which allows product differentiation until later stages. Products are designed to use generic parts and assemble at the warehouse. Role as a product-fulfilment centre the major function is to find the products that are ordered and directly deliver them to the final customer. Amazon.com warehouse is a good example. Role as depot for returned goods the major functions are to inspect and separate the returned good into those that can be repaired, repackaged, resale, or recycled. 2.10 Transportation Accordingly to Chopra and Meindl (2004), the target level of service the company sets determines the role of transportation in a company competitive strategy. If the company is targeting customers whose main criterion is price, then the company can use transportation to lower the cost of the product at the expense of reponsiveness. But more often companies tries to achieve the right balance between efficiency and responsiveness using both inventory and transportation. Often in logistics plannings, decision to make to make any changes based on the costs of transportation. Accordingly to Rushton, et al. (2006), the transportation costs can be broken into three main types. The first one is the fixed costs these costs must be borne whether the vehicles run for 10 or 100 kilometres and might include the depreciations of the vehicles, the licence fees, the insurance, etc. And these may vary from one vehicle to another depending on various reasons. The second type is the variable costs these costs vary in relation to the activity of the vehicles, i.e. how far the vehicle travelled. The most obvious example of a variable of cost is the fuel cost. And the last type is the overhead costs these costs are indirect costs that are borne by the whole fleet of vehicles. They may be the usual business overheads that are required to run the vehicles, i.e. staff salaries, telephone, internet, and other administrative expenses. 2.11 Location decision objectives Warehouse site selection is a complex process involving multiple, both qualitative and quantitative, criteria. And often location decisions have more than one objective depending on the organisations objectives and strategies. Current, et al., (1990) classified the objectives for facility location problems into four general categories namely: (1) Cost minimisation; (2) Demand Oriented; (3) Profit maximisation; (4) Environment concern, and often these objectives are found to overlap each other. For retailing business, cost minimisation and profit maximisation are often the main objectives. 2.12 The influences of warehouse site location selection It is important to effectively identify potential locations for the new warehouses. Typically, these locations must satisfy a variety of conditions and the potential locations should meet all the requirements. The potential locations should take into account the future demand and that the decision should have an impact on the firm for at least the next three to five years (Simchi-Levi, et al., 2003). Many authors (Chase, et al., 2004; Barnes, 2008) suggested that the choice of facilities location is influenced by two principles. The first one is the need to locate close to customer due to time-based competition, trade agreement, and transportation cost. And the second one is the need to locate close to the access to resources such as labour, raw material, and specialist skills and capabilities. Often the two principles are taken into account when an organization makes a decision on the choice of location. The characteristics of operations of business (i.e. Manufacturer or service provider) will govern the weight of factors should be taken into account. Barnes (2008) looked at the location decision on the international perspective where the influential facility location factors are more in numbers and level of complexity. However, these factors can be adapted and used for domestic facility location. Here is the list of major factors which in themselves comprises of several sub-factors given by Barnes (2008): Costs; Labour characteristics; Infrastructure; Proximity to suppliers; Proximity to market/customers; Proximity to parent company facilities; Proximity to competition; Quality of life; Legal and regulatory framework; Economic factors; Government and political factors; Social and cultural factors; and Characteristic of a specific location. Bowersox and Closs (1996) concentrated on the warehouse location analysis in the context of logistical network strategy. He discusses about three warehouse location patterns namely Market-Positioned Warehouse, Manufacturing-Positional Warehouse, and Intermediately Positioned Warehouse. They imply the similar idea of the two principles suggested by Chase, et al. (2004) and Barnes (2008). They also discussed the warehouse location from the viewpoint of transportation economies and from the viewpoint of inventory economies. Furthermore they incorporate the concept of Least-Total-Cost system where the sum of total inventory cost and transportation cost is minimal to design the warehouse network. The conditions or attributes of potential warehouse locations reviewed from many literatures are summarised as follows: Site-related factors Regional factors Land cost/size/soil characteristics/ drainage Proximity to market Construction costs/leasing cost/renting costs Proximity to suppliers Transportation facilities/cost Proximity to competitors Zoning restrictions Proximity to industry Community factors Geographical characteristics Quality of life/cost of living weather characteristics Public facility accessibility Labour cost/availability/skill Taxes Energy availability/cost Environment regulation Telecommunication facility Local government support/incentives Political matters and regulation Sustainability Transportation infrastructure 2.13 Methods and techniques in facility location problems In this section, we will review the methods, techniques, and approaches found in a number of literatures. Bowersox and Closs (1996) claim that a sophisticated modelling and analysis techniques are required in location decision because the location analysis is very complex and data-intense. The complexity is created because of the number of locations multiplied by the alternative location sites multiplied by the stocking strategies for each location. Meanwhile, the data intensity is caused by the requirement of detailed demand and transportation information. Furthermore, the facility site selection process is complicated by the impact of environment legislation and related political issues (Bowersox Closs, 1996). Thai and Grewal (2005) suggest the conceptual framework of location selection for distribution centre that consists of three main stages. The first stage is a general geographical area for distribution centre is identified based on the Centre-of-Gravity principle. The second stage is the identification of location alternatives of distribution centre and associate gateway airports/seaports. At this stage a qualitative approach should be applied. The third and final stage concentrates on the specific site selection based on the quantitative approach, i.e. The distribution centre should be place where the integration of volumes transported and distance involved is minimum and also the total distribution cost is minimum. 2.13.1 Decision-aid Techniques and Models Several operations management books (Stevenson, 2007; Barnes, 2008; Greasley, 2009) have their sections on facility location selection techniques and some common influencing factors as reviewed in the previous section. Accordingly to works of Simchi-Levi, et al. (2003), Rushton, et al. (2006), and Bowersox and Closs (1996), there are three categories for tools used to support location analysis. The first type is the analytic techniques. The second type techniques are the mathematical optimisation techniques which can be subdivided into two types: the exact algorithms that find least-cost solution; and the heuristics algorithms that find good solution. And the third type of techniques is simulation models that provide a mechanism to evaluate specific design alternatives created by designer. The simulation models will not, however, be included in the discussion. Accordingly to Randhawa and West (1995), the facility location problem can be approached by considering the location search space as continuous or discrete. Continuous space allows facilities to be located anywhere in the two-dimensional space; it normally assumes that the transportation costs are proportional to some distance measure between the facilities. Though easy to solve, the continuous approach may yield impractical results. The discrete space approach limits the number of possible locations to a finite set of predetermined sites, and the transportation costs are not necessarily function of distances. Four common types of techniques found on these books namely: (1) the Centre of Gravity Method i.e. finding a location that minimises the distribution costs; (2) the Locational Cost-Volume analysis i.e. comparing the total costs between location alternatives by graph plotting; (3) the Factor Scoring i.e. finding the location alternative with highest composite score; and (4) the Transportation model i.e. a linear programming model that shows location alternative with the most optimal solution (the lowest costs). 2.13.2 The Centre of Gravity Method The Centre of Gravity Method (CoG) is a method for locating a distribution centre that minimises the distribution costs. The main assumption of this method is the distribution cost is a linear function of the distance and the quantity transported, and that the quantity transported is fixed for the duration of the journey (Stevenson, 2007 Greasley, 2009). The locations of destinations are presented on the map with coordinate X and Y in an accurate scale. The location of the distribution point should be located at the centre of gravity of the coordination calculated by these following equations: Where = Quantity to be transported to destination i = x coordination of destination i = y coordination of destination i = x coordinate of centre of gravity = y coordinate of centre of gravity This technique is commonly used to solve location problems at a macro level. The method is applied to solve location problems in many fields other than location of a distribution centre such as school, fire centres, community centres, and such, taking into consideration location of hospitals, population density, highways, airports, and businesses (Stevenson, 2007). Bender (1994) argues that the CoG approach had became obsolete because of the replacement of other computerised approach including linear programming. He also discusses the limitation of the approach which ignores all constraints, such as capacity, financial, operational, legal, and all cost other than transportation. It is also assume that all the transportation costs are directly proportional to distance, and independent of the direction of traffic. 2.13.3 Locational Cost-Volume Analysis This method is an economic comparison of location alternatives which involves determining the fixed and variable costs for each location alternative. The method indicates which location is suitable for a particular volume level by analysing the mix of fixed and variable costs. The fixed cost plus variable costs line is plotted for each location alternative on the graph and the location with the lowest total cost line at the expected volume level is chosen. A total revenue line can also be plotted on the same graph to compare which location alternative has the earliest breakeven point if the objective is to consider the quickest breakeven location (Stevenson, 2007). The equation for expressing the cost is: Where TC = Total distribution cost VC = Variable cost per unit X = Number of units produced FC = Fixed costs This type of economic analysis is very common tool to compare which options have the highest rate of return and is not only limited to location problems. However, Stevenson (2007) suggests that, in most situations, it is very important that other factors other than costs must also be considered. The Locational cost-volume analysis alone is not sufficient to make decision. 2.13.4 Factor Rating Method The Factor Scoring method is sometimes known as weighted scoring or point rating, which attempts to take a range of considerations into account when choosing a location. Then technique starts by indentifying the relevant factors, then assign a weight to each factor that indicate the importance compared with other factors, given that all the weight sum up to one. Scores then have to be given by decision makers to each factor for all location alternatives. The total weighted scores for each location alternative are then calculated by multiplying the factor weight by the score for each factor, and sum the results for each location alternative. The alternative with highest score is chosen unless it fails to meet the minimum threshold, if there is one (Stevenson, 2007). The drawback of this method is identifying and determining the appropriate factors and weighting for each factor. Factors like quality of living and labour attitude are intangible factors and hard to quantify. Greasley (2009) suggested an approach to compare the tangible and intangible factors by conducting an intangible factors only assessment by the method, and then determine if the difference between the intangible scores is worth the cost of the difference in tangible costs between the location alternatives. Data collection, statistical estimates, optimization and simulation models, and economic analysis are some of the methods used to assess quantitative attributes. Qualitative attributes represent subjective factors for which it is generally difficult to define a natural measurement scale. Descriptive classes or interval scales (for example, 0 to 10) can be established to enable a numerical value to be assigned to represent how a site scores with respect to a particular attribute (Randhawa West, 1995). Linear Programming and location problems Linear Programming is one of the most widely used strategic and tactical logistics planning tools. The transportation model helps decision maker to decide the facility location based on the transportation costs. The model is very useful as it can compare the resulting total costs for each location alternative. Other costs like production costs can also be included in the model by determining the cost on a per-unit basis for each location. There are three major pieces of information needed to use the model as following (Stevenson, 2007; Balakrishman, et al., 2007): a) list of origins and each ones supply quantity per period; b) list of the destinations and each ones demand per period; and c) the unit cost of transporting items from each origin to each destination. The method can be used to solve for optimal or near-optimal locations. Even though the optimisation models are designed to provide an optimal solution, they can be used to analyze a problem under different scenarios (differe nt combinations of constraints and cost parameters). The result would be a set of location alternatives that are the preferred choices under different operating conditions. Furthermore, examination of a solution will generally result in the identification of more than one specific site. Such sites may then be further analyzed and compared using a multi-criteria model (Randhawa West, 1995). There are many types of mathematical programming models and they can be classified accordingly a variety of conditions. Aikens (1985) classified distribution location models accordingly to: a) whether the underlying distribution network (arcs and/or modes) is capacitated or incapacitated; b) the number of warehouse echelons, or levels (zero, single, or multiple); c) the number of commodities (single or multiple); d) the underlying cost structure for arcs and/or nodes (linear or nonlinear); e) whether planning horizon is static or dynamic; f) the patterns of demand (e.g. deterministic or stochastic, influence of location, etc.); g) The ability to accommodate side constraints (e.g. single-sourcing, choice of only one from candidate subset, etc.). Aiken (1985) gives some examples of types of distribution location mathematical programming models: a) Simple incapacitated facility location model; b) Simple incapacitated multi-echelon facility location model; c) Multi-commodity incapacitated facility location model; d) Dynamic incapacitated facility location model; e) Capacitated facility location models; f) Generalised capacitated facility location model; g) Stochastic capacitated facility location model; and h) Multi-commodity capacitated single-echelon facility location model. Diabat, et al. (2009) also show that the techniques can be applied to solve location-inventory problems which finds the number of warehouses to establish , their locations, the customers that are assigned to each warehouse, and the size and time of orders for each warehouse so as to minimise the sum of inventory. Melo, et al. (2009) review many literatures related to facility location problem that show that linear prog